Aristotle's theory of causation
Each aristotellian science consists in the causal investiigation of a specific department of reality if successfull, such an invstigation results in causal knowledge ; that is , knowledge of the relevant or approriate causes. The emphasis on the concept of causes explains why Aristotle developed a theory of causality which is commonly know as the doctrine of four causes.
Aristotle's view of causation:-
The causal concept is much wider in its application for Aristotle than for modern science. Aristotle recognises four principles operative in any procces an therefore, according to him , there are four varites of causes . they are:-
(i) Material
(ii) Formal
(iii) Efficient
(iv) Final
(i) Material cause: The material cause is the crude and relatively undifferentiated stuff from which the thing in question is made.
In other words , the material cause of a thing is the material or substance of which it is made, e.g., the formless bronze from which the sculptor plans to fashion his statue is the material cause of the statue.
(ii) The Formal cause: The formal cause is the pattern structure of which is to become emoboided in the thing when it is fully realised; it is that which the thing essentially is.
In other words, the formal cause of thing is the new form or shape which is imposed on the object produced. e.g., The formal cause of a stutue is the general plan or idea of the statue as conciedved by the sculptor such as idea of Apollo or Jupiter or some modern hero.
(iii) The Efficient cause: The Efficient cause is th active agent which produces the king as its effect. It is that through which the thing is produced. e.g., The sculptor is the efficient cause of the statue. The efficient cause also includes teh chisels and other instruments used by the sculptor in his work.
(iv) The Final cause: The final cause bis the end or purpose towards which the proccess is directed .It is that for the sake of which a thing is made . e.g., The purpose for which a statue is made is to commemorate the exploits on heroic deeds of a national hero.
